What We Can Learn–and Teach–from the Annapolis Mansion Fire

How did the fire get so large, so fast? How did a 16,000-square-foot mansion become engulfed in flames in minutes, and begin to collapse as the firefighters arrived? Why weren’t sprinklers installed in the home–and would they have made a difference? Why couldn’t the Pyle family get out despite the alarms going off?

These were among the questions asked in the wake of a fire that claimed six lives and destroyed an Annapolis, Md., home on January 19. The Department of Fire Protection Engineering (FPE) at the University of Maryland heard them all as reporters sought answers for a stunned community. Investigators revealed that an electrical failure had set a 15-foot tall, two month-old Christmas tree ablaze. The tree was cited as the reason the fire quickly became so intense and out of control that the Pyles and their grandchildren could not escape and firefighters could not go inside.

According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA), U.S. fire departments respond to an annual average of 230 home structure fires that begin with Christmas trees. Each year, these fires cause, on average, six civilian deaths, 22 civilian injuries, and $18.3 million in direct property damages.

Although rare, these fires happen, and they can happen to anyone, even people living in a home built to the highest standards. Regardless of where and how a fire starts, the very presence of a Christmas tree–a large, often dry object with a high surface area, good airflow, and thousands of small needles and twigs that act as kindling–can make things go from bad to deadly in literally seconds.

This is perhaps what most surprised people who attended FPE’s demonstration–that a tree would not burn slowly, like a log in a fireplace. There were other lessons as well: that such a fire could not be put out with a fire extinguisher; that a fresh, watered tree is the best choice, but not immune to catching fire; and that the purpose of a home sprinkler system (which was not required or installed when the Pyles built their home) was to slow the spread of flames and cool the air to give people more time to escape, not put the fire out. FPE department chair Professor Jim Milke and Ph.D. student Isaac Leventon found themselves repeating these facts only a month after Leventon ran the demonstrations.

“Above all, our duty is to educate,” says Milke. “The rarity of an event doesn’t diminish what we can learn from it, or how to help prevent it in the future. Sadly, many of our opportunities to teach, and learn, arise from tragedies such the World Trade Center collapse, The Station night club fire in Rhode Island, and the recent incident in a Washington, D.C., Metro subway tunnel. Our classroom discussions concentrate on how these incidents developed into tragedies and what can be done to avoid them, including a review of the choice of better materials, the role of fire protection systems, and how fire protection engineers can better assist emergency responders.”

To learn more about the Annapolis mansion fire, see:

Baltimore Sun: Investigators blame fatal mansion fire on faulty electrical outlet, 2-month-old Christmas tree

Capital Gazette: Race against the clock: Piecing together the first minutes of Annapolis mansion fire

CNN: Dry Christmas tree fueled Annapolis mansion fire that killed 6

Washington Post: Electrical failure and dry Christmas tree caused deadly Annapolis mansion fire

WBAL-TV 11 (NBC): Investigators: Christmas tree to blame in Annapolis mansion fire

To learn more from Professor Milke, Isaac Leventon, and investigators about what makes a Christmas tree particularly dangerous fuel for a fire, see:

Capital Gazette: Christmas trees fires can prove deadly with surprising speed

WBAL 1090 AM (NBC): Watch How Fast A Christmas Tree Can Burn

WBAL-TV 11 (NBC): Experts: Christmas trees a serious fire danger

WJLA-TV 7 (ABC): "Annapolis fire and how to protect your home from fire"

WMAR-TV 2 (ABC): WATCH: How fast a Christmas tree goes up in flames

WUSA-TV 9 (CBS): Dry Christmas tree contributed to deadly Annapolis fire

Published February 6, 2015